Bitcoin’s “miners are dumping” story is reassuring in the best way easy tales all the time are. Worth slides, miners run out of oxygen, cash hit exchanges, and the worth is shoved round by a single, straightforward villain.
However miners are usually not a single actor, and promoting stress is not only a temper. It is math, contracts, and deadlines. When stress exhibits up, what issues shouldn’t be whether or not miners wish to promote, however whether or not they must, and the way a lot they will promote with out breaking the enterprise they’re attempting to maintain alive.
That’s why essentially the most helpful method to consider a miner “capitulation” is as a thought experiment. Think about you’re working a mine proper now, in a market the place the hashrate ribbon flipped into inversion territory, and worth trades beneath a tough, difficulty-based estimate for common all-in sustaining value, round $90,000.
On the similar time, whole miner holdings sit at round 50,000 BTC: not small by any measure, however not bottomless both.
Now you’ve obtained a easy query that sounds dramatic. If worth sits beneath the common AISC line for some time, what number of cash are you able to push out over 30 to 90 days earlier than lenders, energy contracts, and your individual working actuality push again?
AISC is a shifting goal, not a single quantity
All-in sustaining value, or AISC, is crypto’s borrowed time period from mining and commodities, however it earns its hold as a result of it forces you to cease pretending electrical energy is the one invoice. AISC is principally a quantity that determines whether or not you possibly can keep in enterprise. Not “can you retain the machines on in the present day,” however “can you retain the operation wholesome sufficient that it nonetheless exists subsequent quarter.”
You possibly can consider Bitcoin miners’ AISC as having three layers, even when completely different analysis retailers draw the boundaries otherwise.
The primary layer is the one everybody understands: direct working money prices. Electrical energy sits on the heart of it, as a result of the meter runs whether or not you’re feeling bullish or not. Add internet hosting charges (when you don’t personal your web site), repairs, pool charges, community ops, and the individuals who hold the ability from turning into an costly house heater.
The second layer is the one the memes skip: sustaining capex. This is not progress capex: sustaining capex is the cash you spend to cease your fleet from slowly dying. Followers fail, hashboards degrade, containers rust, and, extra importantly, the community will get more durable. Even when your machines are high-quality, you possibly can lose a share of the pie if everybody else upgrades and also you don’t.
That’s the place issue is available in. Bitcoin adjusts mining issue so blocks hold arriving roughly on schedule. When hashrate rises, issue ratchets up, and the identical machine earns fewer BTC for a similar vitality burn.
When hashrate falls, issue can ease, and the remaining miners get a barely higher chew. The AISC framing we’re utilizing is explicitly primarily based on issue, which is a clear solution to seize this shifting goal while not having each miner’s non-public energy contract.
The third layer is what turns stress into compelled conduct: company prices and financing. A personal operator would possibly care principally about energy and upkeep. A public miner with debt cares about curiosity funds, covenants, liquidity buffers, and the power to refinance.
That is why AISC adjustments over time in a method that makes single-number debates really feel foolish. It adjustments when issue adjustments, and when the fleet combine adjustments (older machines get pushed out, newer ones are available in).
It adjustments when the ability surroundings adjustments, particularly for miners uncovered to identify pricing, and it adjustments when capital prices change, which is why a miner can look secure at one level within the cycle and fragile at one other with the identical hash output.
So when worth dips beneath a mean AISC estimate like ~$90,000, it does not imply the entire community is immediately underwater, simply that the middle of mass is uncomfortable. Some miners are high-quality, some are pinched, and a few are in triage. The stress is actual, however the response is uneven, and that unevenness is what retains the “everybody dumps directly” from being the default consequence.
There’s another excuse the default consequence isn’t a dump. Miners have extra levers than simply promoting their BTC: they will shut down marginal machines, curtail for grid funds, roll hedges, and renegotiate internet hosting phrases. And, as beforehand lined by CryptoSlate, many now have facet companies tied to AI data-centers, which might buffer a foul mining month.
That will get us to the true query, which is when stress is on, how a lot promoting is structurally required?
The dump math: what will be bought with out breaking the enterprise
Begin with the one circulate the protocol fingers you, whether or not you’re pleased about it or not. Put up-halving, new BTC issuance from the block subsidy is about 450 BTC per day, which is about 13,500 BTC monthly.
If miners bought 100% of latest issuance, that’s the clear ceiling for circulate promoting. In actuality, miners don’t coordinate, and never all of them must promote every little thing they mine. However as a thought experiment, 450 BTC/day is the utmost new provide that may hit the market with out touching any pre-existing stock.
Now herald stock, as a result of that’s what the scary headlines level at. We’ll depend on Glassnode’s estimate that miners have round 50,000 BTC readily available. A 50,000 BTC stockpile sounds giant till you flip it right into a time collection. Unfold throughout 60 days, 10% of that stock is 5,000 BTC, which is about 83 BTC/day. Unfold throughout 90 days, 30% is 15,000 BTC, which is about 167 BTC/day.
That’s the fundamental form of miner compelled distribution in a stress window: circulate promoting does a lot of the work, and stock promoting provides a smaller however nonetheless significant quantity, except the stress is extreme sufficient that stock turns into the first software.
So let’s put three worth paths beneath the toy mannequin: $90,000, $80,000, $70,000. Then tie them to a few middle-ground regimes that map to how miners behave when margins get skinny.
Within the base case, miners promote half of the issuance and contact no stock. That’s 225 BTC/day. Over 60 days, that’s 13,500 BTC of issuance in whole instances 50%, so 6,750 BTC. Over 90 days, 10,125 BTC.
In a conservative stress case, miners promote 100% of issuance and likewise promote 10% of stock over 60 days. That’s 450 BTC/day from issuance plus 83 BTC/day from stock, about 533 BTC/day whole.
In a extreme stress case, miners promote 100% of issuance and promote 30% of stock over 90 days. That’s 450 plus 167, about 617 BTC/day.
| Worth (USD/BTC) | Horizon (days) | Issuance bought % | Treasury faucet % | Issuance bought (BTC) | Treasury bought (BTC) | Complete bought (BTC) | Avg BTC/day | Avg USD/day | ETF equiv @ $500M (BTC) | Miner vs ETF (BTC/day) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 90,000 | 60 | 25% | 10% | 6,750 | 5,000 | 11,750 | 195.8 | 17,625,000 | 5,556 | 195.8 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 60 | 25% | 30% | 6,750 | 15,000 | 21,750 | 362.5 | 32,625,000 | 5,556 | 362.5 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 60 | 50% | 10% | 13,500 | 5,000 | 18,500 | 308.3 | 27,750,000 | 5,556 | 308.3 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 60 | 50% | 30% | 13,500 | 15,000 | 28,500 | 475.0 | 42,750,000 | 5,556 | 475.0 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 60 | 100% | 10% | 27,000 | 5,000 | 32,000 | 533.3 | 48,000,000 | 5,556 | 533.3 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 60 | 100% | 30% | 27,000 | 15,000 | 42,000 | 700.0 | 63,000,000 | 5,556 | 700.0 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 90 | 25% | 10% | 10,125 | 5,000 | 15,125 | 168.1 | 15,125,000 | 5,556 | 168.1 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 90 | 25% | 30% | 10,125 | 15,000 | 25,125 | 279.2 | 25,125,000 | 5,556 | 279.2 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 90 | 50% | 10% | 20,250 | 5,000 | 25,250 | 280.6 | 25,250,000 | 5,556 | 280.6 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 90 | 50% | 30% | 20,250 | 15,000 | 35,250 | 391.7 | 35,250,000 | 5,556 | 391.7 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 90 | 100% | 10% | 40,500 | 5,000 | 45,500 | 505.6 | 45,500,000 | 5,556 | 505.6 vs 5,556 |
| 90,000 | 90 | 100% | 30% | 40,500 | 15,000 | 55,500 | 616.7 | 55,500,000 | 5,556 | 616.7 vs 5,556 |
| 80,000 | 60 | 25% | 10% | 6,750 | 5,000 | 11,750 | 195.8 | 15,666,667 | 6,250 | 195.8 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 60 | 25% | 30% | 6,750 | 15,000 | 21,750 | 362.5 | 29,000,000 | 6,250 | 362.5 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 60 | 50% | 10% | 13,500 | 5,000 | 18,500 | 308.3 | 24,666,667 | 6,250 | 308.3 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 60 | 50% | 30% | 13,500 | 15,000 | 28,500 | 475.0 | 38,000,000 | 6,250 | 475.0 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 60 | 100% | 10% | 27,000 | 5,000 | 32,000 | 533.3 | 42,666,667 | 6,250 | 533.3 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 60 | 100% | 30% | 27,000 | 15,000 | 42,000 | 700.0 | 56,000,000 | 6,250 | 700.0 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 90 | 25% | 10% | 10,125 | 5,000 | 15,125 | 168.1 | 13,450,000 | 6,250 | 168.1 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 90 | 25% | 30% | 10,125 | 15,000 | 25,125 | 279.2 | 22,333,333 | 6,250 | 279.2 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 90 | 50% | 10% | 20,250 | 5,000 | 25,250 | 280.6 | 22,450,000 | 6,250 | 280.6 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 90 | 50% | 30% | 20,250 | 15,000 | 35,250 | 391.7 | 31,333,333 | 6,250 | 391.7 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 90 | 100% | 10% | 40,500 | 5,000 | 45,500 | 505.6 | 40,500,000 | 6,250 | 505.6 vs 6,250 |
| 80,000 | 90 | 100% | 30% | 40,500 | 15,000 | 55,500 | 616.7 | 49,333,333 | 6,250 | 616.7 vs 6,250 |
| 70,000 | 60 | 25% | 10% | 6,750 | 5,000 | 11,750 | 195.8 | 13,708,333 | 7,143 | 195.8 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 60 | 25% | 30% | 6,750 | 15,000 | 21,750 | 362.5 | 25,375,000 | 7,143 | 362.5 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 60 | 50% | 10% | 13,500 | 5,000 | 18,500 | 308.3 | 21,583,333 | 7,143 | 308.3 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 60 | 50% | 30% | 13,500 | 15,000 | 28,500 | 475.0 | 33,250,000 | 7,143 | 475.0 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 60 | 100% | 10% | 27,000 | 5,000 | 32,000 | 533.3 | 37,333,333 | 7,143 | 533.3 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 60 | 100% | 30% | 27,000 | 15,000 | 42,000 | 700.0 | 49,000,000 | 7,143 | 700.0 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 90 | 25% | 10% | 10,125 | 5,000 | 15,125 | 168.1 | 11,766,667 | 7,143 | 168.1 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 90 | 25% | 30% | 10,125 | 15,000 | 25,125 | 279.2 | 19,542,500 | 7,143 | 279.2 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 90 | 50% | 10% | 20,250 | 5,000 | 25,250 | 280.6 | 19,642,000 | 7,143 | 280.6 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 90 | 50% | 30% | 20,250 | 15,000 | 35,250 | 391.7 | 27,417,500 | 7,143 | 391.7 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 90 | 100% | 10% | 40,500 | 5,000 | 45,500 | 505.6 | 35,392,000 | 7,143 | 505.6 vs 7,143 |
| 70,000 | 90 | 100% | 30% | 40,500 | 15,000 | 55,500 | 616.7 | 43,167,500 | 7,143 | 616.7 vs 7,143 |
These are the upper-bound sketches that reply a narrower query: what does the market permit?
To know how a lot the market would discover, we’ll use the only comparator readers already perceive: ETF circulate days, measured in BTC-equivalent. ETF outflows are solely round 2.5% of BTC-denominated AUM, about $4.5 billion, and CryptoSlate beforehand described them as extra technical than conviction-driven. You don’t even must litigate motive to make use of the comparability, as a result of the purpose is scale.
At $90,000 per coin, a $100 million day is about 1,111 BTC. At $80,000, it’s 1,250 BTC. At $70,000, it’s about 1,429 BTC. Out of the blue, the miner numbers look much less like a monster beneath the mattress and extra like one thing you possibly can place on the identical shelf as flows the market digests on a regular basis.
A extreme miner distribution sketch, say 600 BTC/day, is roughly half of a $100 million ETF day at $90,000. That may nonetheless transfer worth if it’s dumped into skinny books, or if liquidity is fragile on a weekend, or if it clusters into just a few ugly hours. However the brute-force story of miners flooding the market runs into two ceilings: the issuance and the finite stock that miners are prepared and capable of liquidate.
There’s additionally the execution element that issues greater than folks need it to. Numerous miner promoting shouldn’t be a market order slapped into the general public order e-book. It may be routed by OTC desks, structured as ahead gross sales, or dealt with as a part of broader treasury administration. That does not erase promoting stress, however it adjustments the way it prints on the tape. When folks count on a visual waterfall and get a sluggish grind, the impact available on the market is dampened.
So what would flip this from an orderly drip into one thing uglier? It could definitely require extra than simply the worth dropping beneath ASIC. The set off is when the financing layer takes over the choice. If a miner must defend a liquidity minimal, meet collateral phrases, or deal with a refinancing wall in unhealthy market situations, then stock turns from non-compulsory to needed.
That’s the sober reply to the viral query. Even when stress is on, and the ribbon is inverted, there are actual limits to what miners can dump in a month or 1 / 4. If you would like a sensible ceiling, the thought experiment retains pulling you again to the identical zone: just a few hundred BTC per day in delicate stress, and one thing like 500 to 650 BTC per day in harsh stress home windows that embody stock faucets, with the precise quantity hinging on energy phrases and debt constraints you possibly can plug in later.
And when you’re attempting to guess what strikes the tape, the punchline is annoyingly unromantic. The market tends to care much less concerning the narrative label on a vendor and extra concerning the cadence, the venue, and the encompassing liquidity. Miners can add weight to a down week, however the concept they’ve an infinite trapdoor beneath worth doesn’t survive contact with the steadiness sheet.
